{"title":"16th Century History Books","description":"\u003cp data-start=\"79\" data-end=\"172\"\u003eStep into the 1500s and explore an era that reshaped religion, empire, culture, and identity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"174\" data-end=\"517\"\u003eThe 16th century marked a turning point in global history. The Protestant Reformation fractured Western Christendom, European empires expanded into the Americas, and early modern society began redefining beauty, aging, and social life. These books illuminate the political, religious, and cultural transformations that shaped the modern world.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"519\" data-end=\"630\"\u003eExplore our \u003cstrong data-start=\"531\" data-end=\"561\"\u003e16th Century History Books\u003c\/strong\u003e collection and uncover the forces that defined the early modern era.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"519\" data-end=\"630\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0831\/4771\/8930\/files\/Copy_of_Copy_of_Copy_of_Copy_of_photo_-_2026-02-25T112813.312.webp?v=1772015387\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-section-id=\"1yzqv77\" data-start=\"632\" data-end=\"662\"\u003eWhy Study the 16th Century?\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"664\" data-end=\"708\"\u003e16th-century history resources help readers:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-start=\"710\" data-end=\"947\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-section-id=\"p8xko9\" data-start=\"710\" data-end=\"751\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"712\" data-end=\"751\"\u003eUnderstand the Protestant Reformation\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-section-id=\"1wlpvv2\" data-start=\"752\" data-end=\"810\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"754\" data-end=\"810\"\u003eExamine European expansion and Indigenous perspectives\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-section-id=\"22kcb6\" data-start=\"811\" data-end=\"849\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"813\" data-end=\"849\"\u003eStudy exile and religious conflict\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-section-id=\"1t482lr\" data-start=\"850\" data-end=\"888\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"852\" data-end=\"888\"\u003eExplore early modern cultural life\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-section-id=\"ffk0ky\" data-start=\"889\" data-end=\"947\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"891\" data-end=\"947\"\u003eConnect religious upheaval to political transformation\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"949\" data-end=\"1011\"\u003eThe 1500s laid foundations for modern Europe and the Americas.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-section-id=\"ab0zal\" data-start=\"1013\" data-end=\"1044\"\u003eConquest \u0026amp; Indigenous Voices\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"1046\" data-end=\"1127\"\u003eEuropean expansion into the Americas profoundly altered Indigenous civilizations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"1129\" data-end=\"1321\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"hover:entity-accent entity-underline inline cursor-pointer align-baseline\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"whitespace-normal\"\u003eAfter the Broken Spears: The Aztecs in the Wake of Conquest\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e presents the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire from Indigenous perspectives, drawing on Nahuatl accounts to reconstruct the experience of colonization.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"1323\" data-end=\"1398\"\u003eCentering Indigenous voices offers critical balance to colonial narratives.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-section-id=\"175eqxs\" data-start=\"1400\" data-end=\"1429\"\u003eThe Protestant Reformation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"1431\" data-end=\"1500\"\u003eThe 16th century witnessed dramatic religious upheaval across Europe.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"1502\" data-end=\"1700\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"hover:entity-accent entity-underline inline cursor-pointer align-baseline\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"whitespace-normal\"\u003eThe Reformation: A Very Short Introduction\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e provides a concise overview of the theological disputes, political consequences, and cultural shifts sparked by reformers such as Martin Luther and John Calvin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"1702\" data-end=\"1764\"\u003eReformation debates reshaped church authority and state power.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"1702\" data-end=\"1764\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0831\/4771\/8930\/files\/Copy_of_Copy_of_Copy_of_Copy_of_photo_-_2026-02-25T112824.114.webp?v=1772015406\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-section-id=\"1ntb4zp\" data-start=\"1766\" data-end=\"1797\"\u003eExile \u0026amp; International Reform\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"1799\" data-end=\"1875\"\u003eReligious dissent often led to exile and cross-border intellectual exchange.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"1877\" data-end=\"2018\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"hover:entity-accent entity-underline inline cursor-pointer align-baseline\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"whitespace-normal\"\u003eBernardino Ochino's Exile and the Composition of an International Reformation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e explores the life of Bernardino Ochino and the broader international dimensions of Reformation thought.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"2020\" data-end=\"2119\"\u003eThe Reformation was not confined to one nation—it spread through networks of thinkers and refugees.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-section-id=\"qvpymj\" data-start=\"2121\" data-end=\"2173\"\u003eBeauty, Aging \u0026amp; Daily Life in Early Modern Europe\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"2175\" data-end=\"2255\"\u003eThe 16th century also saw evolving ideas about appearance, cosmetics, and aging.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"2257\" data-end=\"2400\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"hover:entity-accent entity-underline inline cursor-pointer align-baseline\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"whitespace-normal\"\u003eFacing Decay: Beauty, Aging, and Cosmetics in Early Modern Europe\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e examines how people in early modern Europe understood beauty, physical decline, and the use of cosmetics.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"2402\" data-end=\"2480\"\u003eCultural history reveals how daily life intersected with larger social change.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-section-id=\"1ghgqel\" data-start=\"2482\" data-end=\"2525\"\u003eThe 16th Century as Global Turning Point\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"2527\" data-end=\"2562\"\u003e16th Century History Books support:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-start=\"2564\" data-end=\"2744\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-section-id=\"19vzl1q\" data-start=\"2564\" data-end=\"2593\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"2566\" data-end=\"2593\"\u003eReligious reform analysis\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-section-id=\"tpc15p\" data-start=\"2594\" data-end=\"2622\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"2596\" data-end=\"2622\"\u003eColonial encounter study\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-section-id=\"1b374f5\" data-start=\"2623\" data-end=\"2658\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"2625\" data-end=\"2658\"\u003eIntellectual migration research\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-section-id=\"f27235\" data-start=\"2659\" data-end=\"2696\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"2661\" data-end=\"2696\"\u003eEarly modern cultural exploration\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-section-id=\"1oqi7f8\" data-start=\"2697\" data-end=\"2744\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"2699\" data-end=\"2744\"\u003eComparative European and Indigenous history\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"2746\" data-end=\"2807\"\u003eThe century connected continents and reshaped belief systems.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"2746\" data-end=\"2807\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0831\/4771\/8930\/files\/Copy_of_Copy_of_Copy_of_Copy_of_photo_-_2026-02-25T112831.322.webp?v=1772015422\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-section-id=\"1ypfnas\" data-start=\"2809\" data-end=\"2847\"\u003eFeatured 16th Century History Books\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"2849\" data-end=\"2980\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/surprisecastle.com\/products\/after-the-broken-spears-the-aztecs-in-the-wake-of-conquest-9780197776186?_pos=1\u0026amp;_sid=c37226d64\u0026amp;_ss=r\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"2849\" data-end=\"2912\"\u003eAfter the Broken Spears: The Aztecs in the Wake of Conquest\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"2912\" data-end=\"2915\"\u003eAn Indigenous-centered account of the Spanish conquest of Mexico.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"2982\" data-end=\"3092\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/surprisecastle.com\/products\/the-reformation-a-very-short-introduction-9780198859062?_pos=2\u0026amp;_sid=cd4a0608b\u0026amp;_ss=r\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"2982\" data-end=\"3028\"\u003eThe Reformation: A Very Short Introduction\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"3028\" data-end=\"3031\"\u003eA concise overview of Protestant reform and its consequences.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"3094\" data-end=\"3230\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/surprisecastle.com\/products\/bernardino-ochinos-exile-and-the-composition-of-an-international-reformation-9780271100265?_pos=1\u0026amp;_sid=e89b6c77f\u0026amp;_ss=r\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"3094\" data-end=\"3175\"\u003eBernardino Ochino's Exile and the Composition of an International Reformation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"3175\" data-end=\"3178\"\u003eA study of exile and transnational religious debate.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"3232\" data-end=\"3374\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/surprisecastle.com\/products\/facing-decay-beauty-aging-and-cosmetics-in-early-modern-europe-9780271100227?_pos=1\u0026amp;_sid=c753fc90a\u0026amp;_ss=r\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"3232\" data-end=\"3301\"\u003eFacing Decay: Beauty, Aging, and Cosmetics in Early Modern Europe\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"3301\" data-end=\"3304\"\u003eA cultural history of appearance and identity in early modern society.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"3232\" data-end=\"3374\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0831\/4771\/8930\/files\/Copy_of_Copy_of_Copy_of_Copy_of_photo_-_2026-02-25T112842.658.webp?v=1772015369\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-section-id=\"1x26opm\" data-start=\"3376\" data-end=\"3420\"\u003eHow to Choose the Right 16th Century Book\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"3422\" data-end=\"3458\"\u003eLet your focus guide your selection:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-start=\"3460\" data-end=\"3679\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-section-id=\"17s6e9x\" data-start=\"3460\" data-end=\"3513\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"3462\" data-end=\"3513\"\u003eColonial history: Indigenous accounts of conquest\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-section-id=\"5otsq\" data-start=\"3514\" data-end=\"3565\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"3516\" data-end=\"3565\"\u003eReligious transformation: Reformation overviews\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-section-id=\"1l7dpt0\" data-start=\"3566\" data-end=\"3619\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"3568\" data-end=\"3619\"\u003eIntellectual networks: exile and reform movements\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-section-id=\"2b2nnu\" data-start=\"3620\" data-end=\"3679\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"3622\" data-end=\"3679\"\u003eSocial life: early modern beauty and cultural practices\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"3681\" data-end=\"3747\"\u003eThe 16th century benefits from global and interdisciplinary study.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-section-id=\"1k5q749\" data-start=\"3749\" data-end=\"3759\"\u003eSummary\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"3761\" data-end=\"3837\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"3761\" data-end=\"3791\"\u003e16th Century History Books\u003c\/strong\u003e reveal an age of upheaval and transformation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-start=\"3839\" data-end=\"3968\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-section-id=\"1h58iwa\" data-start=\"3839\" data-end=\"3873\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"3841\" data-end=\"3873\"\u003eFocused on conquest and reform\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-section-id=\"1gy8dtj\" data-start=\"3874\" data-end=\"3919\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"3876\" data-end=\"3919\"\u003eGrounded in religious and cultural change\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-section-id=\"19u4jlf\" data-start=\"3920\" data-end=\"3968\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"3922\" data-end=\"3968\"\u003eDesigned for global historical understanding\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"3970\" data-end=\"4173\"\u003eFrom Aztec perspectives on conquest and Reformation debates across Europe to exile networks and early modern beauty culture, these books provide structured insight into a century that reshaped the world.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"4175\" data-end=\"4277\"\u003eExplore \u003cstrong data-start=\"4183\" data-end=\"4213\"\u003e16th Century History Books\u003c\/strong\u003e and discover the origins of modern faith, empire, and identity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-section-id=\"1xvwnkw\" data-start=\"4279\" data-end=\"4286\"\u003eFAQs\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"4288\" data-end=\"4439\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"4288\" data-end=\"4328\"\u003eWhy is the 16th century significant?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"4328\" data-end=\"4331\"\u003eIt saw the Protestant Reformation, European colonization of the Americas, and major cultural transformation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"4441\" data-end=\"4568\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"4441\" data-end=\"4483\"\u003eWhat is After the Broken Spears about?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"4483\" data-end=\"4486\"\u003eIt presents the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire from Indigenous perspectives.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"4570\" data-end=\"4663\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"4570\" data-end=\"4609\"\u003eWas the Reformation only religious?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"4609\" data-end=\"4612\"\u003eNo. It had major political and social consequences.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"4665\" data-end=\"4776\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"4665\" data-end=\"4707\"\u003eWhy study beauty and aging in history?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"4707\" data-end=\"4710\"\u003eCultural attitudes toward appearance reveal broader social values.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"4778\" data-end=\"4900\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"4778\" data-end=\"4822\"\u003eDid the 16th century connect continents?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"4822\" data-end=\"4825\"\u003eYes. Exploration and colonization intensified global exchange and conflict.\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"leonardos-salvator-mundi-and-the-collecting-of-leonardo-in-the-stuart-courts-9780198813835","title":"Leonardo's Salvator Mundi and the Collecting of Leonardo in the Stuart Courts","description":"The \u003cem\u003eSalvator Mundi\u003c\/em\u003e is the first Leonardo painting to be discovered for over a century. Following its re-emergence, it played a leading role in the landmark Leonardo exhibition at the National Gallery in London in 2011, after which it was purchased by a Russian oligarch. In 2017 it was auctioned by Christie's in New York, fetching the world record price of $450m, and now forms part of the collection of Louvre Abu Dhabi. \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eSalvator Mundi\u003c\/em\u003e may be seen as the devotional counterpart to the \u003cem\u003eMona Lisa\u003c\/em\u003e, having an extraordinary, communicative presence. The artist has reformed the very traditional subject matter in a number of ways. The elusiveness of Christ's expression suggests his spiritual origins beyond the world of the senses. The traditional sphere of the earth has been transformed into a rock-crystal orb and signifies a crystalline sphere of the heavens. In addition to its spiritual dimension, the image exploits Leonardo's optical knowledge and his growing sense of the illusiveness of seeing. Only the blessing hand is in reasonably sharp focus, with his features softly veiled. The scintillating curls of his hair are characterised in line with his theory that the physics of the curling of hair is analogous to vortex motion in water. \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eThis book looks at evidence of Leonardo's \u003cem\u003eSalvator Mundi\u003c\/em\u003e in the collections of Charles I and Charles II. It explores the appraisal of works by Leonardo at the Stuart courts, and proposes that how works attributed to Leonardo were first encountered and understood in seventeenth-century Britain would shape the wider evolution of Leonardo as a cultural icon. \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eThis volume gives a dramatic first-hand account of the modern-day discovery of the painting, from its purchase in a minor New Orleans auction house, to the cleaning of the picture that would disclose it as Leonardo's startling original, and the research processes that would uncover illustrious and obscure former owners. The book presents the definitive study of the new masterpiece.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbout the Author\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMartin Kemp, \u003cem\u003eEmeritus Professor of the History of Art, Trinity College, Oxford University\u003c\/em\u003e, Robert B. Simon, \u003cem\u003eCompany President, Robert Simon Fine Art\u003c\/em\u003e, Margaret Dalivalle, \u003cem\u003eAssociate lecturer in Art History, Middlebury-CMRS, Oxford\u003c\/em\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eMartin Kemp FBA is Emeritus Professor in the History of Art at Trinity College, Oxford University. One of the world's leading authorities on Leonardo da Vinci, he has published extensively on his life and work, including the prize-winning \u003cem\u003eLeonardo da Vinci: The marvellous works of nature and man\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e Leonardo\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eChrist to Coke: How Image Becomes Icon\u003c\/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003e Mona Lisa: The People and the Painting\u003c\/em\u003e (with Giuseppe Pallanti). He currently speaks, writes, and broadcasts full-time. \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eRobert B. Simon is an art historian and art dealer in New York, specializing in Renaissance and Baroque paintings. He received his doctorate at Columbia University, and has published and lectured widely on both art-historical matters and on broader concerns relating to the authenticity, valuation, conservation, and commercial trade of works of art. Significant paintings, drawings, and sculpture from his gallery are to be found in major American museums, as well as in private collections worldwide. \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eMargaret Dalivalle read History of Art at Oriel College, University of Oxford, after which she took up a post-doctoral research fellowship at Yale University. Subsequently, as Francis Haskell Memorial Fund scholar, she conducted research into the history of collecting old master drawings in The Netherlands. She teaches Renaissance and early modern European art history at the Middlebury Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Oxford.\u003cbr\u003e","brand":"Oxford University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":50318346486034,"sku":"9780198813835","price":61.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0831\/4771\/8930\/files\/img_441ef797-6006-4fbd-86fa-5014055fcbc3.jpg?v=1727553781"},{"product_id":"the-final-prophecies-of-nostradamus-9780399515163","title":"The Final Prophecies of Nostradamus","description":"In this new volume, Cheetham presents fresh translations and scholarly interpretations of Nostradamus's last prophecies, focusing on new and startling predictions through the end of this millennium.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbout the Author\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eErika Cheetham \u003c\/b\u003ewas a writer, best known for her controversial interpretations of Nostradamus' writings. Cheetam earned her doctorate from Oxford in the study of medieval language and worked as a writer for the \u003ci\u003eDaily Mail. \u003c\/i\u003eHer best known works are \u003ci\u003eThe Prophecies of Nostradamus: The Man Who Saw Tomorrow, The Further Prophecies of Nostradamus: 1985 and Beyond, \u003c\/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003eThe Final Prophecies of Nostradamus. \u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","brand":"Penguin Publishing Group","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":50324052410642,"sku":"9780399515163","price":17.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0831\/4771\/8930\/files\/img_1d0ecb6c-961c-4e06-b9d8-1d6934ea6c6f.jpg?v=1727665489"},{"product_id":"sustaining-the-divine-in-mexico-tenochtitlan-nahuas-and-catholicism-1523-1700-9780806160412","title":"Sustaining the Divine in Mexico Tenochtitlan: Nahuas and Catholicism, 1523-1700","description":"What happened to indigenous life after contact with the Spanish? In the complex interaction of cultures, how and to what degree did traditional ways persist? What role did religion play? \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ci\u003eSustaining the Divine in Mexico Tenochtitlan\u003c\/i\u003e addresses these and other questions by focusing on Mexico City in the colonial era. Moving beyond the standard narrative of Spanish domination, author Jonathan Truitt uses Nahuatl- and Spanish-language sources, drawn from multiarchival and multinational research, to provide an innovative look at indigenous life on the southern half of the island capital of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. While Spanish authority was important, indeed central, it was far from omnipotent and depended each day on the assistance of the indigenous people. In many ways, Nahua life continued much as it had prior to Spanish contact. While certain elements of precontact life, such as public human sacrifice, were eliminated, others, such as traditional gender roles or belief in divinity, persisted. \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e Before and after contact, religion was central to life on the island capital. Truitt uses Spanish and indigenous interactions with religion as a window on daily life in the city. As quickly becomes clear, Nahua men and women were active in most areas of city life. They took pride in their achievements, defended their religious buildings, fought against abuse, and ignored the idea that women should not be active members of the community. 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The satires produced between 1688 and 1690 by the Dutch printmaker Romeyn de Hooghe on the events surrounding William III's campaigns against James II and Louis XIV establish many of the qualities that define the genre to this day: the transgression of bodily boundaries; the interdependence of text and image; the centrality of dialogic text to the generation of meaning; serialized production; and the emergence of the satirist as a primary participant in political discourse. 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He, the developer of the Reformation doctrine of forensic justification, is contrarily condemned as a synergist. Known well as the Protestant preceptor of Germany, he was Martin Luther's lifelong friend, colleague, teacher of Greek, and fellow reformer. Upon arriving at Wittenberg, Melanchthon was a theologian neither by trade nor by training. He was a classically trained expert in classical languages, neo-Latin poet, textbook author, Greek scholar, humanist, and above all, an educator\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThough he was offered a doctorate on several occasions, he was not a doctor of theology. Yet his influence on the protestant reformation of the 16th century is profound, both through the Loci Communes (the first Lutheran systematic theology) and the Augsburg Confession both of which came from his pen.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDr. Scott Keith, who has spent much time studying and translating this great reformer, has written this short biography by way of introduction. 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Substantially re-written and updated, with both a thorough revision of the text and fully updated references and bibliography, it nevertheless preserves the distinctive features of the original, including its clearly thought-out integration of theological ideas and political cultures, helping to bridge the gap between theological and social history, and the use of helpful charts and tables that made the original so easy to use.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbout the Author\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEuan Cameron\u003c\/strong\u003e is Henry Luce III Professor of Reformation Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York, and has taught previously at the University of Oxford and the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. 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She has published extensively on the political and military society of Renaissance Italy and her previous books include \u003ci\u003eJulius II: The Warrior Pope\u003c\/i\u003e (1993), \u003ci\u003eItaly and the European Powers: The Impact of War\u003c\/i\u003e (as editor, 2006) and \u003ci\u003eBarons and Castellans: The Military Nobility of Renaissance Italy\u003c\/i\u003e (2015).\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe late \u003cstrong\u003eMichael Mallett\u003c\/strong\u003e was Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Warwick and a distinguished historian of fifteenth- and sixteenth century Italy. 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Dr. Green knew that in choosing the title, \u003ci\u003eHow Melanchthon Helped Luther Discover the Gospel\u003c\/i\u003e, he risked arousing the prejudice of those who look on Melanchthon with suspicion. Green is not blind to Melanchthon's faults; at times, he is critical of him. But, he debunks the myth that when Melanchthon came to Wittenberg in 1518, Luther had already developed his Reformational doctrine. Green shows that Melanchthon brought the tools of humanism to the aid of the emerging agitation. Although maintaining a subordinate role to Luther, Melanchthon helped him repeatedly at the turning points of the Reformation.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreen asserts that Melanchthon was the first to speak of the authority of the Bible over the church. In his Baccalaureate Theses of 1519, Melanchthon became the first to articulate the forensic nature of justification. Most surprisingly, Melanchthon helped Luther move from the medieval view of faith as \u003ci\u003ecredulitas\u003c\/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003eadhaesio\u003c\/i\u003e (adherence) to the Reformational view of faith as \u003ci\u003efiducia\u003c\/i\u003e (trust) and assurance of salvation. Luther testified that he learned this from Melanchthon in 1518.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs late as 1519, Luther had not yet abandoned the medieval view of grace as an infused substance. Melanchthon again led the way in 1520 when he declared that grace was simply the attitude of God-His favor. In his 1521 \u003ci\u003eLoci Communes\u003c\/i\u003e Melanchthon not only pointed out that grace is not something in us, but he made the important distinction between \"grace\" and \"the gift of grace\" (the Holy Spirit). Luther generously acknowledged the brilliance of Melanchthon's \u003ci\u003eLoci Communes. \u003c\/i\u003eThis and other accolades Luther showered on Melanchthon are an indication of young scholar's influence on the great reformer's central teachings.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLowell C. Green was one of America's foremost Luther scholars, and his body of work continues to inform and shape Reformation studies today\u003ci\u003e.\u003c\/i\u003e This edition of \u003ci\u003eHow Melanchthon Helped Luther Discover the Gospel\u003c\/i\u003e is the fruition of more than twenty-five years of Luther studies. Dr. Green's central thrust was to challenge the \"Young Luther\" cult which originated in the early 1900s and gained such a stranglehold on Luther studies in the 1950s and 1960s. In this volume, Green marshals the evidence gathered over a lifetime of study, joining his voice to a choir of scholars who challenge the central thesis of the \"Young Luther\" movement.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter thoroughly demonstrating that Luther's early works contained a medieval or Roman Catholic \"analytical justification,\" Green traces the emergence of the Reformational doctrine and a real break with medieval theology beginning in 1519.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreen amply demonstrates that the mature Luther subscribed to and frequently expressed the doctrine of justification in forensic terms so that the glory of our salvation could be ascribed wholly to Christ and for the comfort of conscience against the accusing power of the law.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbout the Author\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eLowell C. Green (1925-2014) was an ordained Lutheran clergyman. 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